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7.2 Immune balance and tolerance: regulatory roles of probiotics 7.2.1 Cytokine reprogramming: anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic pathways Acting as essential molecular messengers, cytokines play a central role in orchestrating immune and inflammatory responses and regulate a wide spectrum of additional physiological processes (243)

In this context, 76 commercially available drugs were withdrawn in the United States between 1969 and 2002, of which 12 were associated with hepatic adverse events 3

doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.013 38 KangHMJeongDCSuhBKAhnMB

Previous studies have identified Al-activated malate transporter (ALMT) in wheat ( TaALMT1 ) (Sasaki et al., 2004) which encodes an Al 3+ -activated anion channel on the plasma membrane for malate efflux and the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family of genes comprising of sorghum ( Sorghum bicolour ) ( SbMATE ) (Magalhaes et al., 2007) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) aluminium-activated citrate transporter 1 ( HvAACT1 ) (Furukawa et al., 2007) that encode plasma membrane citrate transporters at the root apex