For instance, TMAO, a metabolite produced by gut bacteria from dietary choline and carnitine, is closely associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes when its plasma levels are elevated ( Shigella , can promote systemic inflammation, thereby increasing the risk of CVD ( Given the complex interactions between the gut microbiota and drugs, as well as the influence of the gut microbiota on CVD, the gut microbiota also plays a crucial role in shaping the therapeutic effects and side effects of cardiovascular drugs
Do not try any new medication without consulting your healthcare provider
The gut works better, and the microbiome stays more in balance when your hormones are in balance
Abbreviations ADFI: Average daily feed intake ADG: Average daily gain AGP: Antibiotic growth promoters BWG: Body weight growth CAT: Catalase CP: Crude protein DM: Dry matter E.coli : Escherichia coli EE: Ether extracts ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases G:F : Gain to feed ratio GE: Gross energy GIT: Gastrointestinal tract GnRH: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase IgA: Immunoglobulin A IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1 IgG: Immunoglobulin G IgM: Immunoglobulin M IL-1: Interleukin 1 IL-10: Interleukin 10 IL-12: Interleukin 12 IL-1: Interleukin 1 IL-2: Interleukin 2 IL-6: Interleukin 6 INF-: Interferon-gamma JNK: C-Jun N-terminal kinases MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MCP-1: Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 MDA: Malondialdehyde MyHC: Myosin heavy chain NF-kB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NO: Nitric acid Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythropoietin-2-related factor OM: Organic matter SCFA: Short-chain fatty acids SIgA: Secretory immunoglobulin A SOD: Superoxide dismutase T-AOC: Total antioxidant capacity TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TGF-1: Transforming growth factor- TLR: Toll-like receptors TNF- : Tumor necrosis factor TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor ZO-1 : Zonula occludens-1 References Abdelli N, Sol-Oriol D, Prez JF (2021) Phytogenic feed additives in poultry: achievements, prospective and challenges
