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Figure 1 4.1 Macrophage fatty acid metabolic disorders potentiate MSU crystal-induced inflammation Numerous studies have shown that the inflammatory factor interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) is essential for MSU crystal-driven inflammation and is released, in place of infiltrating neutrophils or monocytes, from the resident macrophages in the initial stage of GA ( Joosten et al

489 However, oral administration of NR would lead to a lower bioavailability due to the difficulty of crossing barriers and the degradability when encountered in vivo circumvents

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Moreover, gut dysbiosis alters iron metabolism, with pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli producing siderophores that increase local iron accumulation, further fueling ferroptotic processes (172)